What are the symptoms of insulin resistance and prediabetes?
Insulin resistance and prediabetes usually have no symptoms. People may have one or both conditions for several years without knowing they have them. Even without symptoms, health care providers can identify people at high risk by their physical characteristics, also known as risk factors. The section “Who should be tested for prediabetes?” lists these risk factors.
People with a severe form of insulin resistance may have dark patches of skin, usually on the back of the neck. Sometimes people have a dark ring around their neck. Dark patches may also appear on elbows, knees, knuckles, and armpits. This condition is called acanthosis nigricans.
Who should be tested for prediabetes?
The American Diabetes Association (ADA) recommends that testing to detect prediabetes be considered in adults who are overweight or obese and have one or more additional risk factors for diabetes. The section “Body Mass Index (BMI)” explains how to determine if a person is overweight or obese. However, not everyone who is overweight will get type 2 diabetes. People without these risk factors should begin testing at age 45.
Risk factors for prediabetes—in addition to being overweight or obese or being age 45 or older—include the following:
being physically inactive
having a parent or sibling with diabetes
having a family background that is African American, Alaska Native, American Indian, Asian American, Hispanic/Latino, or Pacific Islander American
giving birth to a baby weighing more than 9 pounds
being diagnosed with gestational diabetes—diabetes that develops only during pregnancy
having high blood pressure—140/90 mmHg or above—or being treated for high blood pressure
HDL cholesterol level below 35 mg/dL or a triglyceride level above 250 mg/dL
having polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)
having prediabetes, impaired fasting glucose (IFG), or impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) on an earlier testing
having other conditions associated with insulin resistance, such as obesity or acanthosis nigricans
having CVD
If test results are normal, testing should be repeated at least every 3 years. Testing is important for early diagnosis. Catching prediabetes early gives people time to change their lifestyle and prevent type 2 diabetes and CVD. Health care providers may recommend more frequent testing depending on initial results and risk status.
In addition to weight, the location of excess fat on the body can be important. A waist measurement of 40 inches or more for men and 35 inches or more for women is linked to insulin resistance and increases a person’s risk for type 2 diabetes. This is true even if a person’s BMI falls within the normal range.
How to Measure the Waist
To measure the waist, a person should
place a tape measure around the bare abdomen just above the hip bone
make sure the tape is snug but isn’t digging into the skin and is parallel to the floor
relax, exhale, and measure